The Forms of Crenellation in the buildings City of Istanbul (9-13 AH/15-19 AD) Study archaeological architectural artistic A comparative

Abstract:
The Islamic architecture of the
Ottoman period in Istanbul was characterized
by its richness in architectural units or
architectural and decorative Elements that
played a prominent role in giving it a
distinctive character, buildings Façades are
one of the units of exterior architectural
composition, despite the simplicity of the
Façades, Especially in the claissical period of
the Ottoman period (10AH/16AD), some
buildings Façades crowning with
Crenellation, they are one of the most
important architectural and decorative
Elements.
in Istanbul, the architects were interested inthe Façades of the Ottoman period buildings Although there are few found  Crenellation on  the variety of their Forms, Just like other
architectural and decorative Elements,
Materials, and decoration, in military
architecture, they were crowning the walls
and Towers of Castles, in Religious
architecture, it has been used in some
porticoes, Façades, Entrance, Gates, and bases
of Minarets, It was also used in some
Funerary building Façades, it has also been
used in some Civil Residential and
Commercial buildings, and some Service
buildings, such as Clock Towers, and
decorated the bottom of the Crenellation
Frames of various shapes.
The reason why these Crenellation are not
widely used by architects is because they are
easily lost when a buildings is neglected or
destroyed, in addition to the use of leadsheeted
domes and roof gable as a covering,
and use of roof tops, in many buildings, to
protect them from the sun in the summer and
rain in winter, and the decoration of the
Façade from above with Sawtooth ornaments
from brick, and moldings Stone and Marble
Frames, Especially in the early and classical
period of the Ottoman Empire, in addition the
Façades some palaces and pavilions Ottoman
in Istanbul in the century (13AH/19AD) were
built in European style are crowned in the top
with a balustrade, didnʼt have spread
Crenellation in Ottoman architecture in
Istanbul its existence has been limited to
certain types and spaces of the buildings.